Journal of Health and Dental Sciences

THE EFFECT OF SOAKING ARECA NUT (Areca catechu Linn.) SEED EXTRACT ON THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF NANOHYBRID COMPOSITE RESIN IN-VITRO STUDY

Dian Soraya Tanjung, Daryono, Azka Tsalasuna R — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The habit of chewing betel quid in the community is based on the belief that its consumption can strengthen teeth. However, this practice may have an impact on the dental restorative materials used. Nanohybrid composite resin is one of the restorative materials widely applied in current dental practice. This study was conducted to determine the effect of immersion in areca nut seed extract on the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin. This research was an experimental laboratory study with a pre-test and post-test group design. A total of 30 nanohybrid composite resin specimens were used as research samples and divided into three treatment groups, each of which was immersed in areca nut seed extract at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6%. Surface roughness was measured using a Surface Roughness Tester, while data analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon statistical test. The results showed that the mean surface roughness values of nanohybrid composite resin before immersion in areca nut seed extract at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% were 0.187±0.015, 0.192±0.014, and 0.202±0.016, respectively. After immersion, the surface roughness values increased to 0.362±0.055, 0.383±0.048, and 0.403±0.019. The Wilcoxon test indicated a statistically significant difference in surface roughness values before and after immersion in areca nut seed extract (p = 0.005; p < 0.05). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that immersion in areca nut seed extract at concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 6% has a significant effect on increasing the surface roughness of nanohybrid composite resin (p < 0.05).

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p233-242

THE EFFECT OF ORAL RAMBUTAN HONEY ON ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN DENTAL SOCKET WOUNDS HEALING PROCESS (IN VIVO)

Euis Reni Yuslianti, Zahra Khairunnisa, Henri Hartman — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tooth extraction is a procedure that causes injury to the dental socket, requiring a proper healing process. Rambutan honey contains flavonoids and calcium, which have been reported to accelerate wound healing by increasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in blood serum. This study aimed to analyze the effect of oral rambutan honey on ALP activity during dental socket wound healing. This laboratory experimental study involved 20 rabbits that underwent lower right incisor extraction. The subjects were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control, and three treatment groups. The positive control group received 255 mg of calcium, while the treatment groups were administered rambutan honey at doses of 0.7 mL (treatment 1), 1.4 mL (treatment 2), and 2.1 mL (treatment 3). Observations were conducted on days 0, 7, 14, and 40 to assess ALP activity levels. Data analysis was performed using ANOVA followed by the Post Hoc Tukey test, while the Kruskal-Wallis test was followed by the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed that oral administration of rambutan honey significantly increased ALP activity on days 7, 14, and 40 (p < 0.05). Among the tested doses, 0.7 mL was the most effective, as it promoted a rise in ALP activity within normal physiological limits. Oral rambutan honey has a significant impact on enhancing ALP activity during dental socket wound healing, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for post-extraction recovery.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p243-252

RACE DETERMINATION FROM METRIC AND NON-METRIC METHODS IN CRANIUM

Anna Nur Azizah — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Race or ancestry estimation plays a crucial role in forensic anthropology for identifying unknown individuals through skeletal analysis. The cranium, as the most diagnostic part of the skeleton, provides essential morphological indicators that vary among racial groups. This literature review aims to summarize current findings on race determination using both metric and non-metric methods of the cranium. Metric analysis relies on quantitative anthropometric measurements such as cephalic and nasal indices, while non-metric analysis focuses on morphological traits including nasal aperture shape, zygomatic arch prominence, palatal form, and the presence of torus palatinus. Various studies indicate that combining both methods yields more reliable results compared to using either alone. Although no single cranial feature can definitively determine race, a combination of multiple cranial and dental traits enhances the accuracy of ancestry estimation. Repeated measurements and observer agreement are necessary to minimize subjective bias and improve forensic reliability. This article review will describe race determination from the cranium in the odontology field.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p253-266

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIO-ECONOMIC LEVEL AND TOOTH LOSS IN ELDERLY AGE IN CIREUNDEU VILLAGE

Rheni Safira Isnaeni, Atia Nurul Sidiqa, Najma Hafifah Adhiatma — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Tooth loss in the elderly is a health problem that has a significant impact on aesthetic function, mastication, and quality of life. Socioeconomic factors, such as education, income, and occupation, contribute to the rate of tooth loss. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic level and tooth loss in the elderly in Cireundeu Village; analytical observational research with a cross-sectional design using primary data taken directly during research activities carried out using the total sampling technique. The analysis was conducted using Fisher's exact test. The study was conducted on 62 elderly respondents (≥60 years old) in Cireundeu Village. The analysis showed that the majority of respondents had a low education level (91.9%) and low income (80.6%). The average number of tooth loss in respondents was 19.92. There is a significant relationship between socioeconomic level and tooth loss; respondents with lower education, income, and no work experience have more tooth loss than respondents with higher socioeconomic levels (p-value <0.05). Socioeconomic level has a significant relationship with tooth loss in the elderly in Cireundeu Village. Low education, income, and not working are factors that can increase the risk of tooth loss.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p267-274

THE EFFECT OF PINEAPPLE TUBER EXTRACT GEL (Ananas Comosus (L.) Merr) ON COMPOSITE SURFACE ROUGHNESS

Asih Rahaju, Fitriani Indah Dyah Pratiwi — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Teeth whitening using chemicals such as carbamide peroxide can increase the surface roughness of composite resin, which risks causing plaque buildup and secondary caries. Pineapple tubers contain the enzyme bromelain and organic acids known as bleaching alternatif from natural resources whitening effect on the composite with minimal impact on the roughness of the composite. To determine the effect of pineapple tuber extract gel with pH 2.5 and 6.5 on the surface roughness of nanohybrid composites compared to 16% carbamide peroxide. This experimental research used a pre-post test-only controlled group design. A total of 45 nanohybrid composite plate samples were divided into three groups: the treatment group with pineapple tuber extract gel at pH 2.5 and 6.5, and the control group with 16% carbamide peroxide. The surface roughness of the composite was measured before and after treatment for 14 days using a surface roughness tester. Data analysis was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis statistical test and the Mann-Whitney post hoc test. The results showed no statistically significant differences in surface roughness between the treatment and control groups (p > 0.05). Although a slight increase in surface roughness was observed following application of pineapple tuber extract gel, the changes were not significant when compared with 16% carbamide peroxide. Pineapple tuber extract gel, as a teeth whitening agent, has no significant effect on the surface roughness of the composite. Therefore, it can be concluded that additional experimental studies are needed before this material can be considered a whitening agent.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p275-288

PREVALENCE OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES IN CHILDREN AGED 3–6 YEARS IN CIMAHI

Rhabiah El Fithriyah, Sri Sarwendah, Dinda Marsha Nuzwinda — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is the occurrence of one or more tooth decay, whether the tooth has cavitary lesions or not, tooth loss due to caries, or tooth surface fillings in primary teeth of children under 6 years old. Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) is the severe form of Early Childhood Caries (ECC). S-ECC can be determined by assessing one or more smooth surfaces of primary cavities, teeth lost due to caries, and fillings that can be determined by dmfs score. The purpose of this research is to discover the incident’s description. Severe Early Childhood Caries in children aged 3-6 years in Cimahi City. The design of this study used a descriptive method with a cluster random sampling technique with children aged 3-6 years as research subjects. Early Childhood Caries can be determined by dmfs score, and Severe Early Childhood Caries can be assessed with dmfs score of more than 4 in children aged 3-4 years, a dmfs score of more than 5 in children aged 4-5 years, and a dmfs score of more than 6 in children aged 5-6 years. The results of this study were that Severe Early Childhood Caries is the most common type of ECC experienced by children aged 3-6 years, with a percentage of 57.8% and most commonly occurs in children aged 5 years, with a percentage of 54%. This study concludes that the prevalence of SECC in children aged 3-6 years in Cimahi City is the highest prevalence compared to the prevalence of non-ECC and ECC events, which is 57.8%.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p289-300

CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY IN OPERATIVE DENTISTRY IN THE FIELD OF CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY

Noor Hafida Widyastuti, Tasha Vella Dianisa — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The use of Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) in operative dentistry has been increasingly developed due to the precision, time efficiency, and aesthetic quality of the restorations produced. This study aims to review the latest evidence regarding the application of CAD/CAM in dental conservation. As the use of CAD/CAM in dentistry continues to rise, a systematic review is needed to assess its effectiveness, compare its advantages with conventional methods, and identify its implementation limitations. Secondary data were obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Wiley Online Library. The included articles were peer-reviewed case reports, full-text, published between 2020 and 2025. Older studies (more than 5 years old) were excluded. From an initial 14,138 literature, a systematic selection yielded four articles that met the criteria, involving adult patients with CAD/CAM interventions including post-and-core, lithium disilicate veneer, ZLS onlay, and nano-ceramic onlay for the rehabilitation of worn dentition. The review followed the PRISMA approach, focusing on qualitative synthesis without meta-analysis. All studies demonstrated that CAD/CAM supports more precise, minimally invasive conservative restorations with good marginal adaptation, optimal aesthetics, and time efficiency (single-visit treatment). Modern materials such as ZLS and lithium disilicate yielded satisfactory results at 2 years of follow-up. Patients also reported increased comfort and satisfaction after rehabilitation. The findings are based solely on case reports with small sample sizes and short follow-up periods, thus limiting generalization. CAD/CAM technology shows promise in modern restorative dentistry due to its precision, efficiency, and aesthetics. However, current evidence remains limited, so larger prospective studies with longer follow-ups are necessary. This technology has the potential to become the new standard in dental conservation, supporting digital-based dental education, and encouraging further research on its long-term clinical effectiveness.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p301-310

EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KATUK LEAVES (Sauropus androgynus) ON MALONDIALDEHYDE LEVELS AS AN ANTIOXIDANT

Hillda Herawati, Nabila Shafira Oktaviana, Iis Inayati Rakhmat — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The tooth movement that occurs when mechanical forces are applied to an orthodontic appliance can cause irritation and inflammation. This inflammation can contribute to increased oxidative stress in the oral cavity. The formation of oxidative stress can turn into a chain reaction that can continue to form new free radicals. Katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) have antioxidant content that can slow down the process of free radicals. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanol extract of katuk leaves as an antioxidant on reducing blood plasma MDA levels. The research method is a laboratory experiment using four treatment groups: blood plasma as a negative control, plasma oxidized with CuCl₂ as a positive control, blood plasma given CuCl_{2, and} ethanol extract of katuk leaves and plasma given CuCl₂, and vitamin C as an antioxidant control. MDA levels were examined using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) method. The data were analyzed by Anova and Tukey (p<0.05). The results showed that there was an effect of the ethanol extract of katuk leaves on malondialdehyde levels (p = 0.035) with MDA values of CuCl₂ plasma (0.005 mg/dL), plasma with katuk (0.003 mg/dL), and plasma with vitamin C (0.021 mg/dL). It can be concluded that the use of ethanol extract from katuk leaves has antioxidant potential to decrease MDA levels in blood plasma.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p311-320

DIFFERENCES IN MICROHARDNESS OF MICROHYBRID COMPOSITE RESIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO ALCOHOL-BASED, ALCOHOL-FREE, AND HERBAL MOUTHWASHES: AN IN VITRO STUDY

Member Reni Purba, Suci Erawati, Winda Surta Simbolon — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Composite resin is one of the most widely used restorative materials in dentistry due to its aesthetic properties, mechanical strength, and ease of manipulation. However, the long-term mechanical stability of composite resins can be affected by chemical exposure, such as from mouthwash solutions used in daily oral hygiene routines. This study aimed to determine the difference in microhardness of microhybrid composite resin after immersion in mouthwash containing alcohol, alcohol-free mouthwash, and herbal mouthwash. This was an experimental laboratory study with a pre-test and post-test group design. A total of 30 samples of microhybrid composite resin (Solare X) were divided into three groups, each immersed for 48 hours at 36°C in Listerine Multi Protect Zero (alcohol-containing), MeToo Mouthwash Probiotic (alcohol-free), and Amodent Gargle with Cardamom Essential Oil (herbal). The microhardness values were measured using a Vickers Hardness Tester, and the data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc Bonferroni tests. The results showed a significant increase in surface hardness after immersion in all groups, with the highest mean value in the alcohol-containing mouthwash group (32.85 VHN), followed by the herbal mouthwash (29.23 VHN), and the alcohol-free mouthwash (24.05 VHN) (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that all types of mouthwash have a significant effect on the surface hardness of microhybrid composite resin. The increase in hardness is likely due to the high filler content, strong silane coupling, and post-cure polymerization process occurring during immersion

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p321-330

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VERTICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MAXILLARY THIRD MOLAR ROOTS AND MAXILLARY SINUS WITH AGE USING CBCT

Mutiara Sukma Suntana, Fadilah, Khairunnisa — Thu, 26 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The maxillary third molar is one of the posterior teeth of the upper jaw that is in proximity to the maxillary sinus. This position can cause complications during third molar extraction. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is an imaging method that can see the vertical relationship between the tooth root and the maxillary sinus in more detail. The study used a cross-sectional method with sampling using a purposive sampling method. The population in this study was CBCT radiograph data of patients aged 20-50 years. 41 patient data were obtained, with 37 on the right side and 38 on the left side. The relationship between the tooth root and the maxillary sinus was seen in the coronal plane, and a vertical classification was carried out on the position of the tooth root. Spearman correlation analysis with a 95% confidence level obtained a correlation coefficient of -0.175 for the right third molar and -0.196. The significance value of p obtained was 0.301 for the maxillary right third molar and 0.238 for the maxillary left third molar, with a test value of p>0.05. There is no relationship between the vertical classification of the maxillary third molar root and the maxillary sinus in patients aged 20-50 years.

DOI : 10.54052/jhds.v5n3.p331-338